女中音走起：Diffusion is the process 小停頓 whereby something cultural, 大喘氣 like a custom, a type of food or an invention, is spread from one group to another 停頓 or from one society to another. 這句話要重復(fù)一遍看上去挺不容易，但是仔細(xì)看看，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)特別簡(jiǎn)單，縮寫(xiě)起來(lái)就成了：Diffusion is this process: something cultural is spread from one place to another. 以后考場(chǎng)上直接可以用這招，但是如果暫時(shí)運(yùn)用不起來(lái)，我們還是繼續(xù)練鸚鵡，體會(huì)口語(yǔ)之美。說(shuō)話，看著天空，再來(lái)一遍。

　　下面的停頓和節(jié)點(diǎn)都用 “ / ” 來(lái)表示吧，簡(jiǎn)潔美觀些。

　　One group adopts a cultural item, / or more selectively just part of a cultural item / of another group. You see? Now diffusion can occur through a variety of ways, / military conquest or / tourism, or / even something like the influence of satellite TV shows around the world. 按照前幾段的方法試著自己完整說(shuō)一遍，要誠(chéng)實(shí)，朗讀的不算，畢竟朗讀只練嘴皮子并不真的練腦子。這句話縮寫(xiě)起來(lái)就是：One group adopts an advantage from another group. This process can occur through many ways.

　　女中音lecturer講到這里，其實(shí)總結(jié)起來(lái)就是：The lecturer talked about a particular cultural process, diffusion. It is a process whereby a group adopt an advantage, something cultural, from another group. The process can occur through many ways. 大家有自己喜歡的版本也可以，根據(jù)語(yǔ)速而定，語(yǔ)速如果慢到上面這段話15秒講不完的話，那就說(shuō)The lecturer talked about a particular cultural process, diffusion. 就行了。

　　下面進(jìn)入了例子大甩賣(mài)：

　　For example, take something like reading a modern newspaper here in the US, have you ever thought about where the letters, the characters on the page are reading， Where they came from? 好好學(xué)習(xí)ETS考官們提問(wèn)時(shí)候賤賤的語(yǔ)調(diào)，非常有幫助，而且往往Q6往往沒(méi)有學(xué)生在音頻中鳥(niǎo)他/她，lecturer只能默默自問(wèn)自答：They were borrowed from another culture many centuries ago. Then the printing of the words, / well / that process was invented in Germany, and finally / the paper itself. Paper was invented in China. / These innovations from the all over the world were shared across cultures over time and so / today we have newspapers in the US. So the process of diffusion might take place over long distances / and over long periods of time. 這段話模仿下來(lái)至少得要10分鐘。復(fù)述成功的標(biāo)志是：你能連貫地說(shuō)下來(lái)，遺漏一些over long distance之類(lèi)的周邊詞不用在意。這段理解起來(lái)應(yīng)該都木有問(wèn)題吧，這就相當(dāng)于都教授把炸雞帶給了全球，于是我們可以啃著披薩吃炸雞的效果是一樣一樣的。

　　繼續(xù)跟蹤音頻：Now I am not saying that diffusion happens easily. As I mentioned, sometimes, it’s selective. 女中音話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)這也不是輕巧的事兒，不是啥都可以傳。For instance, many people in the US have accepted the practice of acupuncture. The Chinese practice of using needles to cure a disease or relieve pain. So lots of people in the US have realized that / acupuncture is effective. But few of them / fully understand or have committed themselves to the philosophy behind acupuncture. Cultures tend to resist ideas which seem too foreign, / too different from their own beliefs and values. But the ideas which aren’t perceived as too different are often incorporated, / absorbed, / diffused into their culture. So the practice of acupuncture has been absorbed into US culture / but not the philosophy of Chinese medicine.這段的模仿中注意acupuncture， philosophy等的發(fā)音。

　　就這么練，三篇以后就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)非常震驚的差異。

　　下面來(lái)看(3)60秒說(shuō)不滿。(4)60秒說(shuō)不完。

　　其實(shí)按照上一步的練習(xí)做完以后不會(huì)存在60秒說(shuō)不滿的問(wèn)題，而是妥妥滴60秒說(shuō)不完，最好能有100秒+才說(shuō)得爽。這時(shí)候就應(yīng)該練習(xí)概述。如何概述呢，一是把具象的詞兒用大類(lèi)的詞兒代替，二是舍去多余的細(xì)節(jié)，把用or連接的幾種同義表述刪除，lecturer當(dāng)時(shí)會(huì)這么說(shuō)主要是擔(dān)心學(xué)生聽(tīng)不懂，這么想想是不是覺(jué)得lecturer還是挺善良的。比如上面的第二個(gè)例子，典型的可以被扔掉的細(xì)節(jié)就是：The Chinese practice of using needles to cure a disease or relieve pain. 如果刪除了細(xì)節(jié)信息以后還是沒(méi)法脫口而出，那么就回到我們對(duì)付獨(dú)立題的那個(gè)方法，中文能說(shuō)出來(lái)嗎?中文意思捋順了應(yīng)該就是“好多美國(guó)人現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)接受了針灸術(shù)，但是很少美國(guó)人理解針灸原理。這是因?yàn)獒樉脑砼c美國(guó)人的認(rèn)知太不同，而這種太不同的東東，文化往往會(huì)抵制。“盡管這個(gè)表述中有些信息的刪除，但是達(dá)意已經(jīng)完全做到了，大栗子的精華都在。腦中一轉(zhuǎn)化就成了Now many people in the US have accepted the practice of acupuncture. But few of them fully understand the philosophy behind the practice. It’s because the philosophy is too different from their beliefs and values. And cultures tend to resist ideas which seem too foreign. 重點(diǎn)是保持句子都是正確的，達(dá)意清晰的，用短句也可以高分。

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